Note: Scale of adjustments of the resonator (variations in vocal color) from open to most constricted: 1. Yodeling - most open (flutelike); 2. German Wagnerian 'covered' singing (brassy and resonant); 3. Voice-saving Italian Bel Canto covered singing; 4. Squeezed, constricted style; 5. Constricted voice of the ventriloquist. Difference between yodeling (a style using head and chest tones) and falsetto (pitch adjustment through vocal chord tension). Trained singers use resonator adjustments to eliminate 'break.' Cowboy song analyzed. New binary parameter: Nasality versus de-nasalization. Nasal vibrations used to in crease head tone resonance and compensate for lack of chest resonance. "Natural" singing influenced by cultural factors. Cultural preferences include vibrato, tremolo, glottal shake| rasp (an interference with free vibration of chords). Pygmy and bushman vocal style analyzed and is deemed "healthy" in that it does not potentially strain or damage the vocal cords. Pygmies use yodeling and "covered" style. Discussion of how "covering" was discovered through playing with the voice. Singers may have more or less formal training but all singing styles are learned. Mrs. Arnold, an opera singer and coach, comments on the natural, healthy quality of Pygmy and Bushman singing and remarks that they would make good material for classical training; some of the female singers have very high ranges.