Note: Discussed in this part: Neapolitan song's identifiication with Italian song as a whole. It is the oldest commercial pop-song tradition extant: a nineteenth-century example with orchestra and tenor. The September festival of Piedigrotta, its ancient roots described by Petronius and Boccaccio, the villanelle tradition. Naples a European musical capital since the sixteeenth century. At its best, this music imitates folk music. These songs perpetuate the respectable stereotype of the light-hearted, gay, carefree Neapolitian and all but smothers folk traditions. The reality is privation. Hoarse street cries express the sorrows of a city that must scramble every day for a living and "where everything is scarce but the sunlight." Music of South whose inhabitants are derisively called Terroni," by Northerners. They are the decendants of the tribes who fought the Romans for three centuries and were defeated and chained to the earth, and are still resisting Rome. Saracen influences in the back hills behind the Amalfi coast. Shepherd music in Pagani -- the tarantella paganese. Muleteer south of Eboli, singing as though possessed.